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Mac OS Ten Leopard

Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard"
Part of the Mac OS Ten family
OSXLeopard.svg
Leopard Desktop.png
Screenshot of Mac Bone X Leopard. Note how the Dock is different to previous versions of Mac Bone 10.
Developer
Apple tree Inc.
Website Official website
Releases
Initial release 26 Oct 2007 [info]
Stable release 10.5.8 (9L30) (August 5, 2009) [info]
Source model Closed source (with open source components)
License Apple Public Source License (APSL) and Apple terminate-user license agreement (EULA)
Kernel type Hybrid kernel
Update method Apple Software Update
Platform support IA-32, x86-64, PowerPC
Preceded by Mac Bone 10 v10.four "Tiger"
Succeeded by Mac OS X v10.six "Snow Leopard"
Support status
Unsupported

Mac Bone X Leopard (version ten.v) is the 6th major release of Mac OS X, Apple'southward desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on 26 October 2007 every bit the successor of Tiger (version 10.4), and is available in two variants: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac Bone X Server. Leopard was superseded by Snow Leopard (version x.half-dozen). Leopard is the final version of Mac OS Ten to back up the PowerPC architecture as Snowfall Leopard functions solely on Intel based Macs.

According to Apple, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements over its predecessor, Mac OS X Tiger, [1] covering core operating organisation components equally well as included applications and developer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent carte du jour bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Menstruum visual navigation interface first seen in iTunes. Other notable features include support for writing 64-bit graphical user interface applications, an automatic backup utility chosen Time Machine, support for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Forepart Row and Photo Booth, which were previously included with merely some Mac models.

Apple missed Leopard's release time frame every bit originally announced by Apple tree's CEO Steve Jobs. When first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the stop of 2006 or early 2007. [ii] A yr later, this was amended to Jump 2007; [iii] withal on 12 April 2007, Apple issued a statement that its release would be delayed until October 2007 because of the development of the iPhone. [four]

New and changed features

End-user features

Apple advertised that Mac OS X Leopard has 300+ new features, [5] including:

  • A new and improved Automator , with like shooting fish in a barrel starting points to easily start a workflow. It also can speedily create or edit workflows with new interface improvements. Now it can use a new action called "Watch Me Do" that lets you tape a user action (like pressing a button or controlling an application without built-in Automator support) and replay as an action in a workflow. It can create more useful Automator workflows with actions for RSS feeds, iSight camera video snapshots, PDF manipulation, and much more.
  • Dorsum to My Mac, a feature for MobileMe users that allows users to admission files on their home computer while abroad from home via the internet.
  • Boot Campsite, a software assistant allowing for the installation of other operating systems, such every bit Windows XP (SP2 or later) or Windows Vista, on a separate partition (or separate internal drive) on Intel-based Macs.
  • Dashboard enhancements, including Web Clip, a characteristic that allows users to turn a function of any Spider web page displayed in Safari into a live Dashboard widget, and Dashcode to help developers code widgets. [six]
  • New Desktop, comprises a redesigned 3-D dock with a new group feature called Stacks, which displays files in either a "fan" style, "grid" style, or (since 10.5.ii) a "list" style. R.L. Prior, on the ThinkMac web log, criticized the shelf-like Dock along with a number of other changes to the user interface. [7]
  • Lexicon can at present search Wikipedia, and a dictionary of Apple terminology as well. Also included is the Japanese-language dictionary Daijisen, Progressive Eastward-J and Progressive J-East dictionaries, and the 25000-give-and-take thesaurus "Tsukaikata no Wakaru Ruigo Reikai Jiten" (使い方の分かる類語例解辞典 ? ), all of which are provided by the Japanese publisher Shogakukan. [8] [ix]
  • A redesigned Finder , with features similar to those seen in iTunes seven, including Cover Catamenia and a Source list-like sidebar.
  • Front end Row has been reworked to closely resemble the interface of the original Apple tree Telly.
  • iCal calendar sharing and group scheduling as well every bit syncing event invitations from Post. [10] The icon also reflects the current date even when the application is non running. In previous versions of Mac OS X, the icon would show 17 July in the icon whatever time the application was not running just the electric current appointment when the application was running.
  • iChat enhancements, including multiple logins, invisibility, blithe icons, and tabbed chats, similar to features present in Pidgin, Adium and the iChat plugin Chax; iChat Theater, allowing users to incorporate images from iPhoto, presentations from Keynote, videos from QuickTime, and other Quick Look features into video chats; and Backdrops, which are similar to chroma keys, but apply a existent-time difference matte technique which does not require a greenish or blue screen. iChat also implements screen sharing, a characteristic previously available with Apple Remote Desktop. [iii] [11] [12]
  • Mail enhancements including the additions of RSS feeds, Jotter, Notes, and to-dos. To-dos employ a system-broad service that is available to all applications. [13]
  • Network file sharing improvements include more granular command over permissions, consolidation of AFP, FTP and SMB sharing into i control console, and the ability to share individual folders, a feature that had not been available since Mac Os 9. [14]
  • Parental controls now include the ability to place restrictions on use of the Internet and to prepare parental controls from anywhere using remote setup. [15]
  • Photo Booth enhancements, including video recording with real-time filters and blue/light-green-screen engineering.
  • Podcast Capture, an application allowing users to record and distribute podcasts. It requires access to a computer running Mac OS 10 Server with Podcast Producer.
  • Preview adds support for annotation, graphics, extraction, search, markup, Instant Blastoff and size adjustment tools. [xvi]
  • Quick Wait , a framework allowing documents to be viewed without opening them in an external application and can preview it in total screen. [17] Plug-ins are available for Quick Look then that you can also view other files, such as Installer Packages.

The Finder, showing files in Cover Flow View and viewing a file using Quick Look

  • Safari 3, which includes Web Clip.
  • Spaces, an implementation of virtual desktops (individually called "Spaces"), allows multiple desktops per user, with certain applications and windows in each desktop. [18] Users tin organize certain Spaces for certain applications (e.g., one for work-related tasks and one for entertainment) and switch between them. Exposé works inside Spaces, assuasive the user to run into at a glance all desktops on i screen. [19] ) Users tin create and control up to sixteen spaces, and applications can be switched between each 1, creating a very large workspace. The auto-switching feature in Spaces has annoyed some of its users. Apple added a new preference in 10.5.2 which disabled this feature, but there were however bugs establish while switching windows. In 10.5.iii, this problem was addressed and was no longer an result. [20]
  • Spotlight incorporates additional search capabilities such as Boolean operators, too every bit the ability to search other computers (with permissions). [21]
  • Time Auto, an automated backup utility which allows the user to restore files that have been deleted or replaced by another version of a file. [22] Though by and large lauded in the press as a step forward for data recovery, Time Motorcar has been criticized in multiple publications for defective the capabilities of third-political party backup software. Analyzing the characteristic for TidBITS, Joe Kissell pointed out that Time Machine does non create bootable copies of backed-upwardly volumes, does non back up to AirPort Disk difficult drives and volition not back up FileVault encrypted home directories until the user logs out, last that the characteristic is "pretty good at what it does" only he will only use it as function of a "broader backup strategy". [23] [24] [25] One of these issues has been resolved, however; On 19 March 2008, updates were released for AirPort and Time Machine, assuasive for Time Machine to utilize a USB hd which has been continued to an AirPort Extreme Base Station. [26]
  • Universal Access enhancements: significant improvements to applications including VoiceOver, forth with increased back up for Braille, closed captioning and a new loftier‐quality Oral communication synthesis voice. [27]
  • Many changes to the user interface , such as a transparent menu bar, new icons, and a 3D Dock. As well as this, the Apple icon is now black instead of bluish. R.50. Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized a number of changes to Leopard's user interface, including the transparent menu bar and the new folder icons. [seven] Decreased transparency of the menu bar, forth with the ability to disable the carte bar transparency were added with the 10.5.2 release on 11 February 2008. [28]
  • Russian linguistic communication support, bringing the total to xviii languages. [29]
  • Leopard removes support for Archetype applications. [30]

Programmer technologies

  • Native support by many libraries and frameworks for 64-scrap applications, assuasive 64-bit Cocoa applications. Existing 32-bit applications using those libraries and frameworks should continue to run without the demand for emulation or translation. [31]
  • Leopard offers the Objective-C 2.0 runtime, which includes new features such as garbage collection. Xcode 3.0 supports the updated language and was itself rewritten with information technology. [32]
  • A new framework, Core Animation, allows a developer to create circuitous animations while specifying only a "start" and a "goal" infinite. The main goal of Core Blitheness is to enable the creation of complex animations with modest amounts of program lawmaking.
  • Apple integrates DTrace from the OpenSolaris project and adds a graphical interface called Instruments (previously Xray). DTrace provides tools that users, administrators and developers tin can employ to tune the functioning of the operating system and the applications that run on it. [33]
  • The new Scripting Bridge allows programmers to use Python and Crimson to interface with the Cocoa frameworks. [34]
  • Blood-red on Rails is included in the default install.
  • Leopard's OpenGL stack has been updated to version two.1, and uses LLVM to increase its vertex processing speed. [35] Apple has been working to get LLVM integrated into GCC; [36] LLVM's apply within other operating system facilities has non been announced.
  • The Graphics and Media State of the Union address confirmed many other features are possible because of Core Animation, such as live desktops, improvements to Quartz Composer with custom patches, a new PDF Kit for developers, and improvements to QuickTime APIs.
  • The FSEvents framework allows applications to register for notifications of changes to a given directory tree. [37]
  • Leopard includes a read-just implementation of the ZFS file system.
In mid-December 2006, a pre-release version of Leopard appeared to include back up for Sun's ZFS. [38] Jonathan Schwartz, CEO and President of Dominicus Microsystems, boasted on 6 June 2007 that ZFS has go "the file arrangement" for Leopard. [39] Nevertheless, the senior project marketing managing director for Mac Os X stated on xi June 2007 that the existing HFS+, non ZFS, will exist used in Leopard. Apple afterwards clarified that a read-only version of ZFS would be included. [40]
  • Leopard includes drivers for UDF 2.5, necessary for reading Hd DVD and Blu-ray discs using third-party drives, just the included DVD Thespian software can just play HD DVDs authored by DVD Studio Pro. [41]
  • Leopard includes a framework implementing latent semantic mapping for classifying (e.k. textual) data.
  • Leopard is the offset operating arrangement with open source BSD code to exist certified as fully UNIX compliant. [42] [43] Certification means that software following the Single UNIX Specification can exist compiled and run on Leopard without the need for any lawmaking modification. [34] The certification only applies to Leopard when run on Intel processors. [44]
  • Leopard includes J2SE 5.0. [45]

Security enhancements

New security features intend to provide better internal resiliency to successful attacks, in addition to preventing attacks from being successful in the first place.

Library Randomization
Leopard implements library randomization, [46] which randomizes the locations of some libraries in memory. Vulnerabilities that corrupt plan memory often rely on known addresses for these library routines, which allow injected code to launch processes or change files. Library randomization is presumably a stepping-stone to a more complete implementation of address space layout randomization at a after date.
Application Layer Firewall
Leopard ships with two firewall engines: the original BSD IPFW, which was present in earlier releases of Mac OS X, and the new Leopard Application Layer Firewall. Unlike IPFW, which intercepts and filters IP datagrams before the kernel performs significant processing, the Application Layer Firewall operates at the socket layer, bound to individual processes. The Application Layer Firewall tin therefore make filtering decisions on a per-application ground. Of the ii-firewall engines, only the Application Layer Firewall is fully exposed in the Leopard user interface. The new firewall offers less command over individual parcel decisions (users can decide to allow or deny connections organization wide or to private applications, but must employ IPFW to gear up fine-grained TCP/IP header level policies). It also makes several policy exceptions for system processes: neither mDNSResponder nor programs running with superuser privileges are filtered. [47]
Sandboxes
Leopard includes kernel-level support for role-based access control (RBAC). RBAC is intended to prevent, for example, an awarding like Post from editing the password database.
Application Signing
Leopard provides a framework to utilise public central signatures for lawmaking signing to verify, in some circumstances, that code has not been tampered with. Signatures can also exist used to ensure that one program replacing some other is truly an "update", and carry any special security privileges across to the new version. This reduces the number of user security prompts, and the likelihood of the user being trained to simply clicking "OK" to everything.
Secure Invitee Business relationship
Guests tin be given access to a Leopard organization with an account that the system erases and resets at logout. [48]

Security features in Leopard have been criticized equally weak or ineffective, with the publisher Heise Security documenting that the Leopard installer downgraded firewall protection and exposed services to attack even when the firewall was re-enabled. Several researchers noted that the Library Randomization feature added to Leopard was ineffective compared to mature implementations on other platforms, and that the new "secure Guest account" could be abused past Guests to retain access to the system fifty-fifty subsequently the Leopard log out process erased their dwelling house directory. [49] [50] [51] [52]

Organization requirements

Apple states the post-obit basic Leopard system requirements, although, for some specific applications and actions (such as iChat backdrops) an Intel processor is required: [53]

  • Processor: any Intel processor, or PowerPC G5 or G4 (867 MHz and faster) processor
  • Optical drive: internal or external DVD drive (for installation of the operating organisation)
  • Retentiveness: minimum 512 MB of RAM (additional RAM (1 GB) is recommended for development purposes)
  • Hard drive capacity: Minimum ix GB of disk space bachelor.

Leopard's retail version was non released in split versions for each type of processor, simply instead consisted of ane universal release that could run on both PowerPC and Intel processors. [31] However, the install discs that ship with Intel-based Macs simply comprise Intel binaries.[ citation needed ]

Processor type and speed are checked during installation and installation halted if insufficient; yet, Leopard volition run on slower G4 processor machines (e.g., a 733mhz Quicksilver) if the installation is performed on a supported Mac and its difficult-drive then moved to a slower/unsupported one (the drive may either be an internal mechanism or a Firewire external).[ citation needed ]

Supported machines

Leopard tin run on the later flat panel iMac G4s, the commencement iMac G5, second iMac G5 (with the ambient light sensor), third iMac G5 (with iSight), iMac Intel Core Duo and (present day) iMac Intel Cadre 2 Duo, PowerBook G4, Ability Mac G4, Power Mac G5, iBook G4, MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, Mac Pro, Mac Mini, Xserve, Xserve G5, Xserve RAID, Macintosh Server G4, and later eMac models. Leopard can run on older hardware as long equally they have a G4 upgrade installed running at the 867 MHz or faster, accept at least 9 GB complimentary of hard drive infinite, 512 MB RAM and have a DVD drive. Leopard however will not run on the 900 MHz iBook G3 models even though they exceed the minimum 867 MHz requirement. This is due to the lack of AltiVec in the G3 line of processors and the fact that well-nigh pre-G4 and early G4 systems do not have video hardware capable of supporting Core Epitome, ii technologies Leopard relies upon heavily, among others. Leopard can be "hacked" (come across below) to install on these G3 and pre-867 MHz G4 machines but the organization may conduct erratically and many of the programs, features, and functions may not work properly or at all. As of Mid 2010, some Apple computers have firmware manufacturing plant installed which will no longer allow installation of Mac OS 10 Leopard. These computers just allow installation and running of Mac Os X Snow Leopard.[ commendation needed ] All the same, some computers (such as the 2011 model of the Mac mini) can take Leopard installed on them without hacking.

Usage on unsupported hardware

Some means of running Leopard on certain unsupported hardware, primarily PowerPC G4 computers with CPU speeds lower than the official requirement of 867 MHz, have been discovered. A common mode is employ of the programme LeopardAssist, which is a bootloader similar in some respects to XPostFacto (used for installing earlier releases of Mac OS X on unsupported G3 and pre-G3 Macs) that uses the Mac'due south Open up Firmware to tell Leopard that the machine does accept a CPU coming together the 867 MHz minimum requirement that the Installer checks for before installation is immune to commence, when in reality the CPU is slower. [54] Currently, LeopardAssist just runs on slower G4s and many people have installed Leopard successfully on these older machines.

Users who have access to supported hardware have installed Leopard on the supported machine then simply moved the hard drive to the unsupported motorcar. Alternatively, the Leopard Installation DVD was booted on a supported Mac, and then installed on an unsupported Mac via Firewire Target Disk Mode. Leopard is just compiled for AltiVec-enabled PowerPC processors (G4 and G5) though, as well as Intel, so both of these methods will only work on Macs with G4 or later CPUs. While some of the before beta releases were made to run on some later G3 machines (mostly later 800–900 MHz iBooks), no success with the retail version has been officially reported on G3 Macs except for some later iMacs and "Pismo" PowerBook G3s with G4 processor upgrades installed.

For a number of months subsequently Leopard's release it appeared that the only G3 Macs on which Leopard could be run were those with both an aftermarket G4 processor and an AGP graphics card, as failures with the Bone partially booting earlier crashing were reported on older Macs such as the original tray-loading iMacs and the Beige and Bluish & White Power Mac G3 (all with G4 upgrades every bit Leopard will not even brainstorm to load without one) whereas it would boot fine on newer Macs where the Installer brake had been circumvented. However, more than recently it has been reported [55] [56] that with some more work and use of kernel extensions from XPostFacto, Tiger and beta builds of Leopard, the OS can be fabricated to run on G4-upgraded Macs every bit old as the Power Macintosh 9500, despite the lack of AGP-based graphics. While Leopard can be run on whatever Mac with a G4 or afterward processor, some functionality such as Front Row or Time Automobile fails to work without a Quartz Extreme-capable graphics card, which many of the earlier G4s did not include in their factory specification.

Since Apple tree moved to using Intel processors in their computers, the OSx86 community has adult and now also allows Mac Bone X Tiger and afterward releases to be installed and run successfully on not-Apple tree x86-based computers, admitting in violation of Apple'south licensing understanding for Mac OS Ten.

Packaging

The retail packaging for Leopard is significantly smaller than that of previous versions of Mac OS X (although later on copies of Tiger too came in the new smaller box). It too sports a lenticular cover, making the Ten appear to bladder above a purple galaxy, somewhat resembling the default Leopard desktop wallpaper. [57]

Release history

Version Build Date OS proper noun Notes Download
x.v 9A581 October 26, 2007 Darwin 9.0 Original retail DVD release N/A
10.5.1 9B18 November 15, 2007 Darwin nine.1 About the Mac Os X 10.five.ane Update; 2d retail DVD release Mac OS X 10.5.1 Update
10.v.ii 9C31, 9C7010 Feb 11, 2008 Darwin 9.ii Almost the Mac Os X 10.5.2 Update Mac Os X 10.v.2 Combo Update
10.5.3 9D34 May 28, 2008 Darwin nine.3 About the Mac Bone X x.5.3 Update Mac OS 10 10.v.three Update
10.5.4 9E17 June 30, 2008 Darwin nine.four About the Mac OS X 10.5.four update; 3rd retail DVD release Mac OS Ten ten.five.4 Update
x.five.5 9F33 September xv, 2008 Darwin ix.five Virtually the Mac OS X ten.five.five Update Mac Bone X 10.5.5 Update
ten.5.6 9G55 December 15, 2008 Darwin nine.6 About the Mac OS X ten.5.half dozen Update Mac OS X 10.5.6 Update
9G66 Jan 6, 2009 Fourth retail DVD release (part of Mac Box Set) N/A
ten.5.7 9J61 May 12, 2009 Darwin nine.vii Nearly the Mac OS X ten.5.7 Update Mac OS X x.5.seven Update
10.five.8 9L30 August 5, 2009 Darwin 9.8 About the Mac Bone 10 x.v.8 Update Mac Os Ten 10.5.eight Update
Mac Os X 10.5.8 Update Combo

Compatibility

Afterwards Leopard'due south release, at that place were widely-reported incidents of new Leopard installs hanging during boot on the blue screen that appears merely before the login procedure starts. [58] Apple attributed these problems to an outdated version of an unsupported add-on extension chosen Application Enhancer (APE), from Unsanity which had been incompatible with Leopard. Some users were unaware that APE had been silently installed during installation of Logitech mouse drivers. However, merely the users who did non have the latest version of APE installed (2.0.3 at that time) were afflicted. [59] Apple published a knowledge base of operations commodity on how to solve this problem. [60]

Google appear that the Chrome browser will be dropping back up for Leopard starting on Chrome 21. By that fourth dimension Chrome will no longer car-update, and new Chrome installations are unallowed. Their rationale for removal of support is that Leopard is an "OS X version likewise no longer being updated by Apple." [61]

Firefox too dropped support for Leopard later it shipped Firefox 16 in October, 2012. [62]

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